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Three SQL Skills To Pass Technical Assessments

Previous Related Posts:

(1) The Many Wandering Paths to Analytics
(2) Landing Your First Analytics Job
(3) Defining Analytics Titles
(4) Technical Ability is Overrated
(5) 4 Soft Skills to Amplify your Analytics Career
(6) Case Study: Solving an Ambiguous Problem

Technical Ability Is Overrated
Me, two weeks ago

This is meant as a companion post and reply to the most common response to Technical Ability Is Overrated. Specifically, “Analysts need technical ability to do their job, and that means it’s important.” I wholeheartedly agree – and while you can’t win a job on technical ability alone, you certainly may lose it.

That means I would be remiss to cover the basic SQL concepts which will put you in a good place in most any Analyst interview. You need to know SQL to apply your business acumen and soft skills and that’s why it’s consistently tested in interviews. Generally if you know the SQL basics, the hiring team will be confident you can refresh/learn any knowledge gaps later on.

However — if you find positions that would disqualify you if you didn’t know something outside of these concepts, that should be a red flag. Those organizations focus too heavily on technical ability and/or the position is more in line with a Data Engineer than a Data Analyst.

Note: I am writing this using Snowflake SQL syntax; there are variations and quirks to each SQL version so some of this may be close but not exact to the environment you are in.

Where to brush up on SQL skills

There are tons of great SQL learning resources online now. One of the best out there is SQLZoo, with great examples and the chance to practice writing SQL to check your syntax. W3Schools also has a great set of tutorials for all sorts of SQL queries.

(0) Demonstrate Previous SQL Work

OK OK, this isn’t one of the four. But if you can demonstrate non-classroom SQL ability either through previous work or on the potential job’s take-home exercise, that’s worth its weight in gold. Mostly people want to know that you can use SQL to solve problems and if you can speak to using complex SQL to get stuff done previously, that goes a long way in checking the box

(1) Left/Right/Inner/Outer Join

These joins are the bread and butter of the SQL world – especially Left and Inner. You need to be able to explain the difference between each quickly and succinctly, as well as pick out which to use if/when tested. I’ll add a quick visual & code example of each borrowed from W3Schools. Read the in-depth explanations at W3Schools or SQLZoo for more details.

Left Join

Returns all records from the left table and the matched records from the right

SELECT Customers.CustomerName, Orders.OrderID
FROM Customers
LEFT JOIN Orders ON Customers.CustomerID = Orders.CustomerID
ORDER BY Customers.CustomerName

Right Join

Returns all records from the right table and the matched records from the left
This does the same thing as a left join and 99% of the time people use Left.

SELECT Orders.OrderID, Employees.LastName, Employees.FirstName
FROM Orders
RIGHT JOIN Employees ON Orders.EmployeeID = Employees.EmployeeID
ORDER BY Orders.OrderID

Inner Join

Selects records that have matching values in both tables

SELECT Orders.OrderID, Customers.CustomerName
FROM Orders
INNER JOIN Customers ON Orders.CustomerID = Customers.CustomerID

Outer Join

Returns all records when there is a match in the left OR right tables

SELECT Customers.CustomerName, Orders.OrderID
FROM Customers
FULL OUTER JOIN Orders ON Customers.CustomerID=Orders.CustomerID
ORDER BY Customers.CustomerName

(2) Aggregate Functions

Basic SQL functions involve returning a set of rows that match some criteria (“Show me all transactions from yesterday”). Sometimes, you’ll need to aggregate your data to answer summary questions (“Show me how many transactions we’ve had by day this year”). This is true for situations where you need to count, sum, average or find min/max.

Key Concept 1: Understand query level of detail

If you need to sum up every transaction from a single store, that’s easy – the level of detail is at the day + store level. However, if you want to see how many of each product was sold at each store on each day, suddenly you have three levels of detail (product + day + store). The more details someone needs in the data, the less aggregated it’ll get. Seems obvious but undoubtedly you’ll run into funky results when you THINK you understood the aggregation level but did not understand in reality.

Key Concept 2: Leverage GROUP BY

You need to tell SQL the level of detail in order for it to know how to aggregate your data. It won’t read your mind and if you leave any ambiguity, it’ll either fail to process (which is fine – at least you know) OR it will aggregate a ‘wrong’ answer (which is bad, you might not catch this!)

For example, let’s say you want that store data. If you don’t use Group By you’ll type it out something like:

//Example - this will fail

SELECT order_date, count(transaction_id)
FROM transactions

However that’ll return an error – SQL doesn’t see a GROUP BY statement and will tell you as much. It doesn’t know what to do with “order_date” and that ambiguity makes the query fail. That means you need to add in one more line to make it execute:

//Example - Show count of transactions by date

SELECT order_date, count(transaction_id)
FROM transactions
GROUP BY order_date

Key Concept 3: Filter aggregations with HAVING

Let’s say someone wants to only see days where there were at least 100 transactions. If you aren’t familiar with aggregations, you might write something like this:

//Example - this will fail due to using WHERE instead of HAVING

SELECT order_date, count(transaction_id)
FROM transactions
WHERE count(transaction_id) >= 100
GROUP BY order_date

SQL will throw you an error. The WHERE clause is to filter out individual rows – except the count() function looks at multiple rows at once. It won’t know what to do! Someone doing a SQL test will see if you pick up on this when whiteboarding a problem – this is a common ‘gotcha’ question.

SQL provides the HAVING clause to allow you to filter on an aggregated column, like so:

//Example - Dates with at least 100 transactions

SELECT order_date, count(transaction_id)
 as "TRANSACTIONS"
FROM transactions
GROUP BY order_date
HAVING count(transaction_id) >= 100

Notice that HAVING comes after GROUP BY – while not absolutely critical to remember the order of these, it’s a ‘nice to have’ if you can on the fly remember the order in which SQL clauses execute.

(3) Subqueries

This is typically the upper limit of SQL testing for Data Analyst jobs. Commonly you will need to use a subquery to pull in data into the SELECT, FROM or WHERE clauses. SQL is a very flexible language and you can use a subquery to define a secondary table with its own select/from/where logic that is separate from your main query.

For instance, let’s say that we want to adjust our query from part (2) and now we want an additional filter – a list of all days with at least 100 transactions AND at least one customer was from California. It may seem simple at first, but it turns out this requires a subquery.

Let’s say you initially try just adding

//Example - Initial attempt, adding in Customer table and...
//...adding in a filter for customers from California

SELECT 
    order_date, 
    count(transaction_id) as "TRANSACTIONS"
 
FROM transactions t
LEFT JOIN customer c on c.customer_id = t.customer_id
WHERE c.customer_state = 'CA'
GROUP BY order_date
HAVING count(transaction_id) >= 100

The above will return a result but it’ll be wrong. When you put the California filter in, the SQL script filters down to only rows with California customers. All other sales are removed. This means your numbers come out very low. In fact, now your query is returning a list of all days with at least 100 transactions solely from customers in California.

So, how do you use Calfornia as a filter in the aggregate without having it be part of your base query? This is where a subquery comes in. Let’s rewrite this as a sub-query in the LEFT JOIN statement and THEN use it in a where statement.

//Example - Add Subquery into WHERE clause

SELECT 
    order_date, 
    count(transaction_id) as "TRANSACTIONS"
 
FROM transactions t

//Add in Subquery into WHERE clause

WHERE t.order_date IN

    (SELECT distinct(t2.order_date)
     FROM transactions t2
     INNER JOIN customer c on
         c.customer_id = t2.customer_id AND
         c.customer_state = 'CA'
    )
    
GROUP BY order_date
HAVING count(transaction_id) >= 100

There are two crucial pieces here:
(1) I created a subquery finding days with sales to California
(2) I put that subquery into the WHERE clause to filter to those days

This is the flexibility of subqueries – I got to use a different level of detail to filter my base query. This is one of the most complex concepts you may be tested on. I considered subqueries to be right at the edge of “Expected” and “Nice to Have” and that line can be blurry elsewhere – so preparation is key here.

Bonus: CTEs

Common Table Expressions (CTEs) are becoming more and more popular. In fact, so popular that I’ve shunted the more complex subqueries in favor for CTEs. They essentially allow you to make something that acts and feels like a table, but only exists for as long as your query lasts. It is extra readable (think of how complex some subqueries can get in a long set of code!), and that readability is what makes it so powerful.

While I won’t cover the comparison fully today, I’ll save this discussion for a future blog.

In Conclusion

If you come to an interview with examples of previous SQL work and/or a knowledge of Joins/Aggregate Functions/Subqueries, you’ll do fine on the technical assessment for most roles. This is the basic toolset needed for analysts to get the job done and allows you to leverage your business acumen and soft skills.

Duelers’s Note: Jacob here. I’ve found it incredibly useful to keep a book around for reference purposes that I can dog-ear, highlight, and otherwise markup. Since I’m primarily in the MS stack, I heartily recommend “T-SQL Fundamentals” by Ben-Gan Itzik. There are great references for other SQL flavors too – but you will need to do your own research to find them.

Case Study: Solving an Ambiguous Problem

Previous Related Posts

(1) The Many Wandering Paths to Analytics
(2) Landing Your First Analytics Job
(3) Defining Analytics Titles
(4) Technical Ability is Overrated
(5) 4 Soft Skills to Amplify your Analytics Career

Identifying an Ambiguous Problem

The past two Data Duel blogs deemphasized technical ability and touted soft skills as crucial for an analytics career. My goal is to bring the discussion out of the theoretical and into a practical example from my own career where I applied those four soft skills in an analytics context. In fact, the lessons I learned in the following example are ones I regularly utilize 6+ years later.

To define terms, “Ambiguous Problem” is one which no one clearly defines and for which no one provides a clear solution.

Let’s go back to 2014. I’m working at a manufacturing/distribution company. Growth is starting to explode, and I’m working as the org’s only data analyst. Reporting into the SVP of Sales, my desk is on the sales floor in the middle of ringing phones and reps busy entering orders into our system.

After a few months I notice something interesting. Nearly every rep has an Excel spreadsheet called the “Sales Catalog” up when they’re on the phone, showing various items for sale. Sometimes the row says “In Stock” and sometimes in red it says “Out of Stock”. I also heard grumbling – the sheet isn’t right. They’ll tell a customer “Yes that item is in stock” but when they go to order it, the system denies the request. Yikes, not a great experience for the customer or rep.

The process to correct data errors was also bumpy. Excel only allows one person to update a shared network file at once, and that person is the SVP’s Executive Assistant. Reps would call or ping the EA, telling them what update to make to the Excel file. Then all the reps had to close & re-load Excel to get the up-to-date information.

As I noticed these issues stacking up, I heavily leveraged empathy and curiosity to understand what the reps wanted to accomplish and why we ended up in this rather inefficient place. I talked to multiple people across the organization – sales reps, sales managers, systems – to make sure I had a grasp of everything.

These conversations let me take an ambiguous problem and define it:

Reps can’t get accurate and timely in-stock data to their customers.

Crucially, no one told me about this data problem or how to solve it. It was up to me to define and solve it

Developing a Solution

With the problem defined, it was time to work on a solution. This is where organization became crucial. As you may have noticed, there isn’t a single solution to this problem. Instead, I needed to break it down into sub-tasks:

(1) Figure out where the true ‘In Stock’ data in the system is stored
(2) Create SQL script to retrieve that data
(3) Get that data into Excel for the sales floor (It’s OK to keep something in a format familiar to them, even if it’s not fully optimal)
(4) Make the report better! (Wouldn’t it be cool if instead of just saying ‘out of stock’ it said when it would be back in stock?)
(5) Discuss V1 with leadership & iterate as needed before launch
(6) Launch new tool with training/documentation

Each of these steps was non-trivial. I had to dive into our database and really understand how the items moved into and out of stock. I had to figure out how to write an accurate SQL script to replicate those movements. I had to figure out how to connect SQL tables into Excel and create a reliable pipeline. All while making sure I kept a similar form-factor for the sales floor to maximize adoption.

In the midst of completing each step, I made sure to understand the accuracy needed. “Good Enough” data wasn’t necessarily clear. For instance, I added in some buffer to what ‘In Stock’ meant due to how fast-moving the data was. Items went into and out of stock quickly. I wanted to minimize scenarios where my document said ‘In Stock’ and yet the system didn’t let the customer put in an order. Additionally, I needed to hedge on when an item would be ‘Back In Stock’ — more on this in a later post!

Critically, I also went through development cycle with leadership and other trusted Sales team members to make sure what I made would match their needs. They would see an early draft, give feedback and I would fix that before starting the cycle again. This is again where empathy came into play – I needed to understand their problem and make sure what I created actually solved it, rather than assuming.

In Conclusion

Analysts provide massive value by identifying and solving ambiguous data problems. I learned that early on with this Sales Catalog example. I liberally applied each of the four soft skills to go from problem identification to problem solution:

Curiosity: Dug into what the reps were trying to do and what problems their existing solution created

Accuracy: Determined the tolerance of “Good Enough” data, both due to database limitations and hedging where I would prefer inaccuracy to rest

Organization: Broke down the problem into sub problems, which built into my final solution

Empathy: From start to finish, I made sure to listen to many voices across the team – both in understanding the problem and making sure my solution actually made their work lives easier

This same cycle has served me well time and time again in an analytics career. If you can proactively discover analytics problems and solve the important ones, you’ll quickly provide value to any company lucky enough to have you aboard.

4 Soft Skills to Amplify your Analytics Career

Soft Skills

I think Nate really said it best with “Technical ability i s overrated.” When I’m looking to make a hire as a manager, there are four skills that I’m looking for when I’m interviewing and continually assessing for my reports.

Curiosity – a childlike ability to keep asking, “Why?”
Accuracy – balancing perfect vs. “close enough” for your data
Organization – ability to break down tasks into small chunks and reliability execute on them
Empathy – actively listening & seeking to understand, and communication centered on your audience

I’ll breakdown each of these with characteristics with an example, an interview question testing for that skill, and a way that you can improve in each of these areas.

Curiosity

The first soft-skill to have in your repertoire is Curiosity. This often means you are always asking questions and aren’t afraid of asking them. I find myself often hedging a bit in this area by saying something like, “Sorry to be dense about this, but can you explain?”

When I’m dealing with new subject areas, this often will mean pausing conversations to understand words and what they mean. “Net Sales” often means something different in the sales organization vs. the finance organization, so getting to certainty on terms is critical. Frequently, digging into these types of questions can get uncomfortable, especially if the person asking you for help doesn’t know the answer or can’t define it well.

In interviews, there are a couple of ways to get at this skill. One way is to probe about problem-solving: identifying and solving tough problems. This is a bit open-ended, so making sure to redirect the question to your underlying objective is advised. Another way would be to model the behavior and assess how the candidate handles it. A curious person should be able to match your energy and get excited at the premise of jumping down the rabbit hole on a specific subject.

Not everyone comes by this skill intuitively, and for those of you in that bucket, there are some great frameworks to unlock a curious mind. My favorite comes from Sakichi Toyoda, of Toyota fame, and is called the “5 Whys”. More on this below, from Wikipedia.

The key is to encourage the trouble-shooter to avoid assumptions and logic traps and instead trace the chain of causality in direct increments from the effect through any layers of abstraction to a root cause that still has some connection to the original problem.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_whys

Accuracy

Up next, we have accuracy. As a data analyst, it is critical to be right an overwhelming majority of the time. You don’t need to be perfect, and in fact, perfect is the enemy of good. This can be tricky to do well because, as an analyst, you usually are the least knowledgeable person in the domain of the problem at hand. Getting accurate goes hand-in-hand with Curiosity because you must constantly bring assumptions to light. There is a lot of digging to do.

One particularly thorny problem to deal with is sales data within a CRM. It is highly speculative. It changes frequently. In short, it is unreliable. I have found working with this type of data greatly benefits from a common snapshotting period. Just take a backup every Friday at 5 pm. Do your analysis on a static copy, and figure out how to surface changes to key data fields (like close date or opportunity size). This allows you to bring accuracy to constantly shifting data sets.

Part-and-parcel with my comment above, in interviews, I like to probe around “soft data” and see how the prospective analyst has added certainty when data is vague or unreliable. For analysts with finance experience, asking questions about how they dealt with financial periods and month-end processes since those can bottleneck key metrics (like revenue). In that same vein, asking how, in detail, key metrics were calculated will shed some light on their accuracy approach.

Part of why I favor people with accounting backgrounds coming into analytics roles is that accuracy comes with the package. This learned through long hours of grinding out Excel spreadsheets and cross footing numbers one, two, three times. Thankfully, there some tricks to getting better at Accuracy, and it comes along with Curiosity. My favorite is applying a simple checksum technique and ensuring my source & target are equal on an aggregate basis. If it’s wrong – take time to dig into why and understand why what you thought was correct isn’t. The second trick is a checklist, especially for common tasks (say, deploying code to production). Taking time to document exactly how something is done not only reduces the cognitive load for the next time but improves the quality of your work.

Organization

To me, being organized is not about a tidy desk. It is about being to tackle a problem from beginning to end. It means being able to cut through ambiguity and deliver something excellent. An underrated thing about being organized is the skill of breaking down big, hairy problems into small, actionable next steps. To me, an organized person always knows what to do next.

One example where I think Organization comes into play is the meetings you take with your stakeholders. I always try to make sure to recap actions at the end, as a habit to do every meeting that I am in. If I have actions, I’ll write them down but leave others to track their own action.

In an interview, I’ll test for this skill by probing about systems of work. “How do you organize yourself?” or “How do you know what to do next?” are questions that can get to the heart of this. For an analyst, this “system of work” is at the heart of getting more interesting work. Shipping early and often is critical to getting into the more interesting bits of work, so building your own work system is critical.

Getting better at Organization can come in many forms, but looking back on my career, this didn’t come naturally to me. I recall missing a key deadline for some sales analysis for my CSMO. He asked me why I didn’t have what he needed, and I replied, “I was busy.” His response, which put the fear of God into me, was “we are all busy” as he rolled his eyes. Needless to say, I went and picked up David Allen’s Getting Things Done. If you don’t have a work system, GTD is a great starting point, and I still use bits & pieces every day.

Empathy

You want to seek to understand and always bring empathy to the conversation with your stakeholders. They are taking the time to teach you about their business and its problems, so be a respectful skeptic. Remember, you want these folks to back to you the next time they have a problem! Empathy also means centering your communication on your stakeholders, so they feel heard even when you are giving bad news.

One thing I did as I got more comfortable in my analyst role was “rounding” with key stakeholders. This would mean making space to get coffee, drop-in late afternoon as things are winding down, and occasional lunches. These conversations were often more personal than business, but by the time conversation turned to work, we were both comfortable and ready to listen to each other. At one point, I had a couch in my office, and we joked that people would come by for therapy¹.

Testing for empathy in an interview is a bit of a challenge. For me, I try to observe if they are listening versus waiting for their time to speak. I can go on for a bit too long at times, so when I catch myself wandering, I also casually check for body language in the candidate to see if they are really listening. Ultimately, this is one of the hardest skills to judge in an interview for me. But I’m actively trying to find ways to measure this quickly and accurately.

As an analyst, you are pretty sharp and usually have a good idea of how to solve a problem as soon as you hear it. To be more empathetic, slow down. Fall in love with the problem. You need to see the problem clearly enough that you can come up with a solution that exceeds your stakeholder’s expectations. Repeat back what you think you heard. This is especially important if the person across the table from you is from a different background, as cultural context can get in the way of great communication. People should always leave a meeting with you feeling like they were listened to.

Final Notes

With Curiosity, Accuracy, Organization, & Empathy, you can be a great analyst. These characteristics all build on each other and help you build a reputation as a reliable, skillful person who can deliver business value. People will seek you as the analyst to solve their problems. Yes – it’s great if you write some SQL, python, or R, but these soft skills will allow you to be 10x greater than someone much stronger technically. After all, I truly believe that success as an analyst should be measured by is how they enable the people around them. A great analyst doesn’t 10x themselves; they 2x (or more!) everyone around them.

—-

¹This is REALLY HARD to do in a remote environment. No idea how to replicate this digitally but I’m sure there is a way…

Technical Ability is Overrated

Previous Entries in Everything Analytics

(1) The Many Wandering Paths to Analytics
(2) Landing Your First Analytics Job
(3) Defining Analytics Titles

Tunnel Vision on Technical Ability

If you were to ask someone “What skills are the hallmark of a data analyst?” the answers consistently center around technical ability: SQL, Python, R, Tableau, Power BI. The same shows up on most job postings – technical ability listed first.

That means it’s unsurprising when aspirational analysts focus heavily on “What technical skills / certifications do I need to be competitive for an open position?” To hammer the point home, I took a look at the Weekly Entering & Transitioning post at the Data Science subreddit. While not Data Analyst specific, there is a ton of overlap between people interested in Data Science and Data Analytics. Here are some excerpts:

“How are entry level prospects for someone with a bachelors in data science?“

“The main concern is that I don’t have any basic knowledge in any C language.“

“I have been teaching myself SQL/Python/HTML through CodeCademy pro“

This repeats week after week after week – never ending inquiries about the technical side of the job. In the words of Morpheus – what if I were to tell you…that technical ability will not win you an analytics job? This has held true both for me getting into analytics jobs, as well as interviewing many others for analytics positions.

There’s far more to a well-rounded Data Analyst, as someone in that same Reddit thread rightly identified: “While it’s easy to find resources to learn technical/mathematical skills, which I have been doing. Are there any resources for practising problem solving in the context of data analysis“

The Two Axes of an Analyst

Below is a quadrant depiction of how analysts are assessed in interviews and in their day-to-day. “Technical Ability” isn’t listed here.

Don’t get me wrong – technical ability is absolutely important. If you have no technical ability you’ll struggle to get the data you need to do your job.

But technical ability is just a means to an end. And it’s the most teachable type of skill out there! Even if there’s a gap, it’s easy to overcome with training. Business Acumen and Soft Skills are much more difficult to uplevel. I learned this lesson firsthand:

The Smartsheet Director of BI interviewed me three years ago for a Senior Analyst position. At the end of a 45 minute discussion, I realized I hadn’t been asked a single technical question. Not one check for SQL, or Python, or Tableau skill. So I asked, “Why didn’t you discuss my technical ability? Are you just trusting I know my stuff?” The director sat back, chuckled, and replied, “I only need to know how you think — if you have technical gaps we can fill those quickly.”

Technical Ability as a Multiplier

So, what place does technical ability have if it isn’t what analysts are measured on? It’s a multiplier – a 21st century career rocket fuel.

There are countless business leaders who have excellent acumen and soft skills. The C-Suites and corner offices are filled with those individuals.

As a data analyst you leverage technical ability to multiply how well you apply your soft skills and business acumen. Suddenly you’ll find yourself at tables you otherwise would never have seen, discussing critical business questions with C-Level individuals. Finding patterns in data requires technical ability, and data-driven stories are phenomenally powerful when wielded with strong soft skills.

In Conclusion

There is a massive focus on technical ability when really that’s just a multiplier for the core skillsets a data analyst brings to the table. As you read in last week’s post, Data Analysts help the business make better decisions leveraging data. That involves connecting the data to business problems utilizing Business Acumen and effectively/persuasively communicating findings with Soft Skills.

Don’t just take my word for it – perhaps at this point you’re wondering “What are these soft skills and how do I develop them?”. Jacob has just the post for you – see 4 Soft Skills to Amplify Your Analytics Career.

Defining Analytics Titles

Previous entries in Everything Analytics:

The Many Wandering Paths to Analytics
Landing Your First Analytics Job

Confusing Web of Titles

The analytics space is rapidly growing & evolving, and this fast growth has led to a convoluted web of job titles which are overlapping and contradictory. I’m here to help you sort through some of those job titles and even open your eyes to different types of Analytics job you may not have considered. Data Scientists get all the press – but there are many more roles out there which may be a better fit for your interest & skills.

You will rarely find consistency from company to company. In fact, I’ll start with a couple disclaimers:

Disclaimer 1: Keep in mind that my opinion on the separation between these jobs has no bearing on how the HR department of a company defines their positions.

Disclaimer 2: This list is not exhaustive. There are lots of substructures to these roles as well as other data-adjacent or niche jobs which exist.

Keep In Mind When Applying

Make sure you absolutely understand the job description and ask many clarifying questions during interview rounds to fully understand what you’ll be doing. If you aren’t thorough in evaluating the job, you may not end up with the work you thought you’d be doing.

Example Job Titles

Data Scientist
(Related: Statistician)
Data Analyst
(Related: BI Analyst)
Data Engineer
(Related: BI Architect, BI Engineer)
Business Analyst
(Related: Technical Project Manager)
Machine Learning Engineer
(Related: Software Engineer)

Reporting Structure

While there is no one-size-fits-all structure, there are general trends:

Data Scientist/Data Analyst/Business Analyst

These roles may report to any part of the business, depending on how centralized the data organization is. The more centralized, the more likely they are on the same team. Sometimes they may be their own team entirely, rolling to the CEO independent of any other C-Suite leader. Other times they may roll up through the COO or CTO.

Other times, they may be decentralized and be scattered across the company with no specific structure.

Data Engineer / Machine Learning Engineer

Typically these fall under the CTO. Data Engineers may be under IT, or may be their own division. MLEs typically fall into Software Engineering — see below for more discussion.

Detailed Breakdowns

Data Scientist

Overview: This is the most-publicized job title out there and therefore is the broadest; it can mean many things at many places.

Data scientists are forward-looking and focus on predictive analytics. They certainly can do descriptive analytics, but their value comes from modeling/classification/etc.

Due to the emphasis on modeling, data scientists typically have advanced degrees in statistics, applied math, information science, or similar.

Example task: Predict how much stock of each item a company should order from its manufacturers in advance of the holiday season.

Data Analyst

Overview: While Data Scientists are generally forward-looking, data analysts are generally backward-looking and more entrenched in the business. Their job is to help the business understand what has happened up to this point and provide data in a clear & concise way for decision making in the future.

Typically data analysts focus heavily on making visualizations and presentations for the business and bridge the gap between the business and the data.

Data Analysts are also more jack-of-all-trades. It’s common to do a bit of data science, analytics, engineering, and PMing in a single role.

Example task: Create a flexible Tableau dashboard for leadership to track trial conversion to paid users over time

Data Engineer

Overview: Data engineers work on the databases that the other members of the analytics org use to get information to stakeholders. They are responsible for bringing data from the business into some form of data warehouse in an accurate, timely and secure fashion.

This means the typical customers of data engineers are the data analysts/scientists at the company. They also may work directly with different parts of the business as they want their own data ingested automatically into the larger data warehouse.

This role is typically more technical and code-heavy in order to move massive amounts of data around at scale. There is less interaction with the business than other parts of the analytics organization.

Example task: Mirror Salesforce data in a schema in Snowflake, updated every 5 minutes, for analysts & scientists to analyze/visualize

Business Analyst

Overview: Business Analysts are sometimes called a “project/product/program manager”, or PM. No matter the name, they are distinct from Data Analysts/Scientists in an important way. They coordinate and organize data projects across the business.

This role typically doesn’t exist early on in a data team’s existence. Usually individual analysts/scientists take this on until the burden of project managing starts outweighing time spent actually doing analysis. Eventually, the role of Business Analyst comes along.

Business Analysts are not expected to code or be as savvy on the technical side. Rather, their job is to identify problems, gather requirements, allocate resources and coordinate expectations between the data team and the business. This is no small task as many technically minded individuals are great at doing an analysis when there’s a clear question, but struggle to work with non-technical individuals across the organization.

Example task: Sales wants standardized KPI dashboards across their worldwide teams available for next quarter’s SKO

Machine Learning (ML) Engineer

Overview: This is a bonus position added in, largely since I see Machine Learning discussed commonly on Analytics forums and many of you may be wondering how it fits into a data org. The short answer: this role doesn’t fit into the data org per se.

Specifically, this role is commonly found on the Software Engineering (SWE) org and is more of a Software Engineer with an ML focus than anything else. This role is most similar to a data scientist and usually is more involved with implementing models within the production code of the company to solve whatever problem has been identified.

Example task: Predict which users on the website may want to know about Feature X, which will prompt an informational pop-up

In Conclusion

There are all sorts of roles to explore and this list is by no means exhaustive. As I mentioned at the start, the names above may be conflated with each other at any given job you apply to. Regardless, this gives you some guardrails around what sorts of roles are out there — from non-technical to technical and everything in between.

Landing Your First Analytics Job

Entry Level Position – requires 5 years experience
-Every analytics job posting

This is Part 2 of the Everything Analytics series. Find Part 1 here.

Too few applicants with experience

As I mentioned in The Wandering Path to an Analytics Career, there is a ‘Great Filter’ in Analytics. It looks something like this:

Lots of people want to break into an analytics or data science career, yet not many are able to. This leaves a glut of competition for entry level positions, and not enough qualified applicants for mid-level to senior positions. Once you get your first few years of experience, you’re golden! You have your pick of many options within the data world – but you have to get past the Great Filter.

This rings true for me in an anecdotal sense – I have experienced this as a job seeker, interviewer and in discussions with data hopefuls. Given this is a blog devoted to data, I wanted to quantify the interest in a analytics positions just posted on LinkedIn. Unsurprisingly, you’re swimming upstream if you’re just blanket applying to analyst jobs – dozens to hundreds of applicants within a day or two of posting. See below:

For a fantastic & further in-depth analysis, I highly recommend reading the “Glut of New Data Scientists” section of this blog by Vicki Boykis .

Applicants Focus on the Wrong Things

As I’ve combed through resumes, cover letters and LinkedIn messages for the past five years, I’ve noticed applicants consistently missing the mark on what will set them apart. They consistently point to technical ability:

Technical skills (SQL, Python, R)

Mathematical skills (Statistics, algorithms, modelling)

Certifications (Data Science Bootcamp, vendor-specific courses)

Those things are all great, but they don’t differentiate you from the pack. Everyone has some nominal experience in these things, you likely don’t have experience in all the tools the company needs (What if they use Looker instead of Tableau?) and even if you didn’t much of this can be taught on the job.

When I interviewed at my current position, I wasn’t asked one technical question. When the Director of Analytics stopped to see if I had any questions, my first one was “Why aren’t you asking me any technical/SQL questions?” I’ll never forget his response: “If you’re missing any technical skills, we’ll teach you.” Wow.

This seems counter-intuitive. Isn’t data analytics/data science more technical? Don’t you have to code? Of course you do! But those aren’t the most sought after skills; they’re a means to an end.

What Top Applicants Demonstrate

Analysts that shine on applications and interviews show they can persuasively communicate complex ideas using data. The job of a data analysts is to work with a stakeholder to generate business value. That doesn’t happen through coding – that happens through understanding the business, understanding the problem (even if it’s not directly stated!), breaking that complex problem down and communicating what the data says to do. Technical ability is solely leveraged to get there.

This is in the realm of “soft skills” is learned quickly on-the-job and is tougher to gauge for someone with no experience. How effectively can you work with non-technical stakeholders? Will people like working with you? Can you distill an ambiguous question into an actionable insight?

Top applicants can point to experience showing they can handle these scenarios and that’s why they rise to the top.

Tough to Teach in Classes

Classes are unfortunately a poor place to learn and/or demonstrate critical analytics soft skills. Teachers ask you very precise questions and give you very precise datasets to see if you’ve understood explicit topics listed in the syllabus. In the real world, this isn’t how analytics works.

Sometimes you aren’t even told there’s a question. If you’re asked a question the person may mean an entirely different question. The data might not exist, or it might sort of exist, or you might need to make it yourself. Your presentations are to a potentially skeptical crowd who doesn’t care what methods you used to arrive at your conclusion.

You can see the pattern – it’s near impossible for a teacher to create this sort of ambiguous and dynamic setting in a classroom. Imagine not knowing what day a test was coming, or if there were even questions on the test, or if the questions on the test were the ones you were supposed to answer!

This stuff is learned on-the-job, hence the need for experience.

OK OK, I get it. What do I do?

Now we’re to the crux of the matter – is there anything to give yourself better odds at landing that first job?

Yes. There’s one overarching tactic, with three options you can do today to gain experience that will make a difference in an application.

Option 0 – Network, network, network!

This applies to all three other tips. If you’re throwing your resume into the ether of hundreds of applicants, you’ll find less success than networking with the leverage of the tips below

Option 1 – Start doing analytics in your current job

This is where many of us (including me!) started. You know how there aren’t enough good analysts out there? Take advantage! That means your company needs data people. Your boss, or some other boss needs help. Discuss their data issues and see if you can take something solvable. Don’t overcomplicate this. Use Excel to start, it’s a great place to iterate and extremely flexible. Move from there – find a pain point someone has with data and try to solve it. Start small and build. This is phenomenally effective, and you can point to this experience when applying to jobs later on (or move to a data position at your current place!).

Option 2 – Work on a data project you are passionate about

I see tips everywhere saying “take on a personal data project” but rarely see much helpful advice beyond that. My top recommendation is to think of a hobby or interest you have and create an end-to-end analysis. Do you love a particular sport? Try to predict something that will happen. Have a favorite hobby? Think of a dashboard you could create to display your time spent/skill improvement. The more interested you are in the data, the further this will take you and the more time you’ll put into it. The options here are endless, but should be regarding something you love.

This gets you experience across the entire analytics pipeline – finding/cleaning/enriching data, asking good questions, visualization. Tableau Public is a great way to publish your results and iterate. The options are endless, and you can demonstrate skill and passion in an interview pointing to a portfolio of data projects. It doesn’t matter what tools you use, though my only recommendation is SQL and some sort of viz tool be involved.

Option 3 – Take online courses to brush up on technical ability

I’ve spent a significant amount of time saying that technical ability won’t separate you. That’s true, but you do still need some technical ability or you may be disregarded as not technical enough. If you don’t know SQL at all, you can take some basics online as part of doing Option 2. Do some basics on Tableau or Python or whatever strikes your fancy. This certainly is the least helpful option for standing out, but it also is a prerequisite if you lack technical ability. Typically if you’re doing Options 1 and 2, you’ll end up needing to do this option anyway.

In Conclusion

Breaking into analytics isn’t easy. But there are methods to get past the Great Filter and get your first job. It’ll take hard work and some luck and the goal is attainable. Companies need passionate and smart people to make sense of their data, and you can step into that role. Make it happen!

NBA Bubble Sim: A Retrospective

One thing that I really enjoy as an analyst is creating new models – and expanding them. I made a version of the Bubble sim with 1m+ scenarios, for example (that will turn into a blog post here at some point). But I rarely maintain the focus or energy to take a look at it after the fact to determine “how good was it at actual predicting the future?”¹ I’m aiming to change that with this real-life example of this NBA model. So with that said, let’s dive in.

Predicting individual games

Using ELO to predict individual games should theoretically massively improve the predictive ability of the model versus, say, coin flips. However, as we will see, that was really not the case.

quality of prediction for individual games

Ultimately, we were just slightly better than coin flips. Sort of disappointing if I’m honest. I do think there is some context that ELO is particularly bad at explaining, which we can distill into the statement “ELO overstates the relative strength of teams that have clinched a playoff birth.”

I’ll dive into this at the end, as I think some faulty modeling by the NBA around this assumption lead to some crappy basketball being played.

Predicting which teams made playoffs

When I look at the 1000 scenarios in aggregate (instead of a game by game basis), a much clearer picture of the model and its effectiveness is painted.

quality of prediction for making playoffs

Looks pretty good! A damn good model. HOWEVER – given that for all intents & purposes, 15 out of 16 playoff spots were guaranteed, this really is a false narrative about the effectiveness of the model.

Reducing scope to measure uncertain outcomes

For the purpose of this analysis, I will take a look at the quality of the model as it relates to 3 teams – the New Orleans Pelicans (NOP), the Memphis Grizzlies (MEM), and the Portland Trailblazers (POR). This is because these are the 3 teams competing for the final playoff spot, so by getting better at predicting these teams, we improve the efficacy of the entire model.

I can’t say these updated stats are particularly great. We are more accurate here than we were for predicting specific games, but far from some certain enough to do something like gamble on this model reliably. Even knowing what we did going into the NBA bubble, Portland, who ultimately made the playoffs, only had a 29% chance to make the playoffs.

Incorporating some modifications

One obvious observation as the bubble games continued was that “ELO overstated the relative strength of teams that have clinched a playoff birth.” With this knowledge, I started tweaking my model to accommodate this new information. Ultimately what I landed on was to reduce the ELO for teams that have already clinched by 20%. This number is totally arbitrary and based on gut feel. I also assumed the eastern conference was de-facto clinched based on the players who opted out or were injured for the Wizards.

Given the relatively poor performance of the model, I was seeking to explain the following data points:

The Bucks & Lakers were playing very poorly.
The Suns & Blazers looked unstoppable.

With the modification of the model to reduce ELO for qualified teams by 20%, the new playoff odds looked like this:

playoff odds with ELO reduction for clinched teams

Of course, simply buffing Portland’s playoff odds massively increases the accuracy of the prediction, so this might be a bit too reductionist. Furthermore, with some clever configuration of Excel to leverage the solver, the exact handicap percentage could be tweaked to maximize the odds of Portland making to playoffs.² That being said, let’s take a look at how model quality changes with this change:

This is MUCH better. Obviously, the updated model has the benefit of some hindsight here. But a small, targeted change the model was able to increase accuracy from 54.7% to 69.2%. Precision & recall increased by similar margins. I think there is something here that can be applied to future models of NBA outcomes.

Conclusion

Overall, I am satisfied with the outcomes of this process of exploring the model in the context of the metrics above. The key learning for me is that certainty of outcomes does impact the quality of play, at least in the NBA bubble. After accounting for that, we were able to increase model accuracy by more than 25%. To get more accurate, my analysis would need to be more surgical in approach.

My biggest take-away is that I will be designing future models to enable rapid analysis using the metrics here-in. I didn’t do that in this case as I didn’t account for actually doing this analysis. Having appropriate consideration for accuracy testing in the front end would have meant I could have backtested assumptions and model changes across a much broader data set. As a result, I didn’t have an easy way to test my updated assumption of the 20% ELO discount down at the game level. I’m certain that applying better science techniques could result in an even higher accuracy model.

I do find it super interesting that there was a huge miss on the New Orleans Pelicans performance vis-a-vis their ELO rating. This entire process was arguably designed to maximize the odds of the Pelicans (& Zion) to make the playoffs, and in that regard, the NBA’s experiment failed completely. Conversely, one thing that could have been anticipated based on the 20% ELO handicap is that the Phoenix Suns had around a 35% chance to get 7 or 8 wins. Given that, it probably would have made more sense for the NBA to open a mini-tournament at the bottom of the bracket for 7/8/9/10. It would have increased the quality of play and led to a more exciting finish to the end of the regular season. And I think NBA, who certainly has modelers far more sophisticated than I, should have anticipated the drop in play associated with teams who have already clinched.

footnotes

¹I’m using the assessment framework found here on towardsdatascience.com, for accuracy, precision, true positive rate, sensitivity, and F1 score. You can find the definitions within that link – it’s worth the read.

²After writing this, I did some excel tweaking to allow the solver to optimize the handicap for clinched teams. It was 20.00001%. Bizarre.

The Many Wandering Paths to Analytics

If we treated careers more like dating, nobody would settle down so quickly.
David Epstein
Range: Why Generalists Triumph in a Specialized World

I consistently receive the same questions from people seeking an Analytics career: What classes should I take? What certifications should I get? Should I learn SQL, Python or R?

Behind those questions there’s a consistent assumption: “There must be a clear path to an analytics career.”

I’m here to challenge that assumption. There isn’t one clear path to work in analytics – most of us got there through a winding, wandering series of career moves. My story is one of many – ask someone in Analytics and you’ll hear something similar.

Typical Wandering Path

(1) Get a college degree or other training – not super relevant
(2) Work for a while in some job non-analytics related
(3) Recognize interest in analytics
(4) Start doing basic analytics at work (ideally) or on own time
(5) Leverage that experience into first analytics job

I’ll call out each step as it happened in my career journey.

My Wandering Path

Initial Career (Years 1-4)

Coming out of college I shared the assumption that careers were linear. After all, life to that point was linear, so why wouldn’t careers be the same?

Except, my linear plans fell apart two days before my wedding in 2011. I’d studied International Economic Development (Step 1), interned in Latin America, become fluent in Spanish and was planning to move with my soon-to-be wife to Bolivia. In one phone call and several subsequent conversations, that potential life and career ended. I was sitting in a dead-end job I thought I’d be leaving and had to figure out Plan B.

At first it wasn’t obvious – what else should I do? I was a Customer Success Manager (Step 2) but didn’t really want to do that as a career. I’d worked in sales departments, but didn’t really want to be a salesperson. But then I had an epiphany – there was a part of each of my first few roles that I loved that never was part of my job description.

I was consistently making little analytics & reports (Step 4 – which ironically for me came before step 3!). I’d turn 2,000 customer emails into a digestible summary for the product team. I’d make Salesforce forecasts & dashboards for the executive team. I made a Google Sheet for my Rosetta Stone team to help management track & manage renewal rates for their teams. This stuff was fun! I liked it! (Step 3) But what now?

The Great Filter: Landing First Data Job

Have you heard of the concept of the ‘Great Filter’? It’s part of the Fermi Paradox, which ponders why there is no extraterrestrial life given the seeming high probability it should exist in the universe. Within the Fermi Paradox, it’s the step getting from non-living matter to living matter (abiogenesis). The Great Filter is a catchall for “it’s hard to get past this point.”

I argue there is a Great Filter for those trying to get into Analytics – getting your first job. In fact, I’m devoting my next blog to this topic, so consider this a lead in to next week.

Passing Through the Great Filter

I realized I had an uphill climb ahead. Perhaps this is where many of you are – how do you get a company to take a chance on you?

I asked lots of current analysts via informational interviews at local coffee shops. They all said “I got here via a pretty random series of events.” Sound familiar?

They gave me a breadcrumb trail, though: “You have to get enough experience together and communicate about it well enough to get someone to try you out.” Easier said than done, but I did have some experience already in my current role.

I applied everywhere. I was told by recruiters/HR multiple times “Hey, I guess you could be an analyst but I think your future is in sales based on your resume.” Leads fizzled out until one day I got a call.

The Meeting That Changed Everything

“Can you show up at the office in an hour? The CFO and SVP of Sales want to talk.”

I got that call from Jacob — the same Jacob here at DataDuel. He was working at Funko, a quickly-growing collectibles company north of Seattle. They didn’t have a position open yet, but there was interest in getting analytics going. Before going into the meeting, here is all I knew:

The position was planned to be part-time Analytics and part-time something else until analytics skills were proven
The position was planned to be a contract position (not great – I’d just bought my first house and wasn’t looking for a contract spot)
There would be minimal support since no data team existed, so a self-starter attitude was needed

Given those three bullet points, I had three goals going in:

Communicate my potential to be great at analytics if given the chance
Sell them that I was worth a shot as an employee & not a contractor
Demonstrate self-starter attitude to analytics from previous roles

I quickly threw on a dress shirt, re-learned how to tie a tie on YouTube and flew out to the car.

The rest is history and full of the content I’ll fill this weekly series with. The conversation went really well and they decided to take a chance on me a couple weeks later (Step 5!). While I got a full-time position, I took a 10% pay cut because I needed to prove myself. I knew the temporary sacrifice would be worth it – I just needed my first position to get past the Great Filter.

In Conclusion

There’s no one path to analytics – there are many. I’ve used my path as an anecdote for the infinite options out there.

The general path, though, is to start doing some analytics in any fashion you can, and leverage that experience to get your first position. It isn’t easy – there’s a Great Filter out there which prevents many from getting in.

Come back next week and I’ll dive into the Analytics Great Filter in more detail, and provide some practical options of how to overcome it.

New Weekly Series: Everything Analytics

Do you enjoy working with data in your current role? Are you interested in a Data Analytics career? Are you currently a Data Analyst?

Good news! This weekly series is for you. It’ll cover all sorts of topics within analytics, including advice for aspiring analysts, best practices, key skills/tools and industry updates.

Initial blog topics include:

The Many Wandering Paths to Analytics
Analytics Job/Role Types
Key Skill Sets for Analysts
Visualization Best Practices
Measuring Success of Analysts
How to Prioritize Your Work Backlog
…and more!

Much of this will be written from my perspective as an Analyst. There are other perspectives out there for unique positions like Data Scientists and Data Engineering, and while I’ll touch on those regularly (and will write an entire post on the difference between those roles), the focus here will be Data Analysts.

See you in a week!